Priene is one of the best-preserved ancient cities of Ionia, located on the western coast of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). According to ancient sources, the city was founded by Greek colonists from Athens and Thebes in the 11th century BCE. However, its golden age came in the 4th century BCE, when, after being destroyed by the Persians, it was rebuilt using the Hippodamian system (a grid plan with straight streets).
The city was situated high on the slopes of Mount Mycale, on terraces overlooking the plain of the Maeander River. Despite being several kilometers from the sea, Priene was a port city with its own harbor, which contributed to its prosperity during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
City Layout and Fortification Walls of Priene
Priene is a prime example of classical Greek urban planning. Its streets intersected at right angles, forming rectangular blocks. The main street ran east to west, while the side streets descended the mountain slope.
The city was surrounded by massive fortification walls, approximately 2.5 km long, with several gates and towers. These walls protected Priene from invasions, and their remains are still visible among the ruins.
Main Attractions of Priene
Temple of Athena Polias. The central religious structure of the city, built in the 4th century BCE. Designed by the architect Pytheos, who also worked on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Constructed in the Ionic order, with 6 columns at the front and 11 on the sides. Housed a statue of Athena, the city’s patron goddess.
Theater. Built in the 4th century BCE, it could seat about 5,000 spectators. Featured a classic Greek design with a semicircular orchestra and stone seating. Modified during the Roman period with the addition of a stage and decorations.
Agora (Market Square). The heart of public life in Priene. Surrounded by colonnades (stoas) and public buildings. Included the bouleuterion (council house) and sanctuaries.
Byzantine Basilica. Built in the 5th–6th centuries CE, after the city’s Christianization. A three-nave structure with partially preserved mosaic floors.
Residential Quarters and Gymnasium. Wealthy citizens’ houses featured inner courtyards (peristyles). The gymnasium (a training and educational center) was located near the acropolis.
Decline of Priene: Siltation of the Harbor and Abandonment
Like neighboring Miletus, Priene depended on maritime trade. However, the gradual siltation of the Maeander River caused the harbor to shrink:
• From the 4th century BCE, the river’s sediment buildup began.
• By the 1st century CE, the sea had receded several kilometers, depriving the city of its trade significance.
• During the Byzantine era, Priene dwindled into a small settlement.
• By the 13th century, the city was completely abandoned.
What Can Tourists See in Priene Today?
• Among the ruins of Priene, visitors can explore:
• The Temple of Athena (columns and foundation).
• The Theater (one of the most picturesque in Asia Minor).
• Remains of the agora and bouleuterion.
• Sections of the fortification walls.
• The Byzantine Basilica.
• Residential houses with mosaics.
Priene is a well-preserved Hellenistic city where one can imagine how the ancient Greeks lived. Its ruins are less famous than those of Ephesus or Miletus but no less impressive. A visit to Priene can easily be combined with a trip to ancient Miletus, located just 20 km away.
