In the center of Guangzhou, in surprising proximity to skyscrapers and the neon lights of shopping streets, rises the magnificent and imposing Dafo Gu Si (Dafo Ancient Temple), which literally means "Temple of the Great Buddha." Unlike ancient monasteries, Dafo is a grand project of Buddhist revival, whose present image is the result of a large-scale reconstruction in the early 21st century, creating one of the most impressive and opulent temples in South China.
Foundation and History: From Southern Han to the Present Day
Foundation (Five Dynasties Period, 10th century): The temple`s original founding dates back to the period of the Southern Han (Nanhan) state (917–971 AD). It was built on the orders of Emperor Liu Yan, who sought to strengthen the legitimacy of his rule through patronage of Buddhism. The temple was meant to be a symbol of stability and piety for the new dynasty.
Flourishing and Decline: During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the temple was a prosperous center but later fell into decline. A significant part of its structures was destroyed or severely damaged, especially during the cultural upheavals of the 20th century.
Revival (1998–2008): The modern appearance of the Temple of the Great Buddha is the result of a decade-long grand reconstruction, initiated by the local Buddhist community and supported by the authorities. The temple was not merely restored but essentially rebuilt using modern technology, yet in strict accordance with the architectural canons of the Ming dynasty. The grand opening of the renewed complex took place in 2008. It is not a museum, but a fully functioning monastery, a spiritual and cultural center.
Dedication and Structure of the Complex
The temple is dedicated to Buddha Shakyamuni, whose giant image is its main shrine. The complex is a majestic architectural ensemble, built along a central axis from north to south. Its structure symbolizes the believer`s path from worldly bustle to supreme truth.
Main Gate and Hall of the Heavenly Kings: Passing through the massive gates, the visitor enters the first hall, guarded by the figures of the Four Heavenly Kings (Si Da Tianwang) and the Bodhisattva Weituo. This is the traditional beginning, symbolizing the protection of the teaching from evil forces.
Five-Story Pavilion of Great Mercy — The House of the White Buddha: This is one of the architectural dominants. Inside, on the ground floor, is the astounding sculpture of the White Buddha, depicting Buddha Shakyamuni at the moment of Enlightenment. Carved from marble, the statue stands approximately 8 meters high and weighs several tons. Its creation is a feat of the carvers and a unique treasure of the temple. The pavilion is used for reading sutras and large prayer services.
The Heart of the Complex: Main Hall of the Great Buddha: This is where the temple gets its name. In the center of the hall, seated on lotus thrones, is a triad of gigantic gilded Buddha statues, symbolizing the Buddhas of the Three Times (Sanshi Fo):
• Buddha of the Past — Prabhutaratna.
• Buddha of the Present — Shakyamuni (central figure).
• Buddha of the Future — Maitreya.
Each of these sculptures is cast from bronze, stands 6 meters tall, and weighs about 12 tons. They are covered with 240 kilograms of gold leaf, giving them incredible, radiant grandeur, especially by the light of candles and lamps. The hall is adorned with exquisite carvings, red lacquered columns, and numerous images of bodhisattvas.
Legends and Symbolism
The key legend is associated with the temple`s very foundation by Emperor Liu Yan. It is believed that he ordered the temple to be built and a huge Buddha to be cast in order to atone for the sins of his rule and bring peace to his subjects. They say the site for the temple was not chosen by chance—it was located on a "dragon vein," which was supposed to ensure the dynasty`s prosperity. The modern reconstruction is also perceived by many as the fulfillment of an ancient vow to revive the shrine.
What for Tourists to See:
• The Three Great Buddhas: Spend time in the Main Hall. Examine the details of their faces, postures, and mudras (hand gestures). Feel the scale and reverent atmosphere, especially during the evening service.
• The Unique White Buddha: In the five-story pavilion, be sure to approach the sandalwood statue closely. Appreciate the fineness of the carving of the robe`s folds and the serene expression of the face.
• Evening Illumination: Be sure to visit the temple after sunset. The architectural lighting transforms the complex into a golden, fairy-tale palace, contrasting with the night sky. This is the most photogenic time.
• Interior Details: Pay attention to the ceiling coffers with images of dragons and lotuses, carved wooden panels, and altars adorned with Buddhist relics.
• Contrast of Eras: Appreciate the uniqueness of the situation where an ultramodern metropolis serves as the backdrop for traditional Buddhist architecture. Interesting views of the city open from the upper floors of the pavilions.
The Dafo Temple leaves the strongest impression precisely because of its incredible contrast. It is hard to believe that this majestic golden complex with giant statues and traditional pagodas is located not in a mountain valley, but right in the middle of a modern metropolis, surrounded by glass skyscrapers and high-rise buildings.
