Palaces of the Acropolis of Pergamon
The Acropolis of Pergamon was one of the most impressive architectural complexes of the Hellenistic world. At its peak, it housed not only temples and public buildings but also royal palaces that served as residences for the rulers of the Pergamon Kingdom. Today, only the ruins of their foundations remain, but in ancient times, these structures were renowned for their opulence.
1. The Palace of the Attalids (3rd–2nd century BCE)
• Construction period: Early 3rd – mid-2nd century BCE
• Founding ruler: Philetaerus (283–263 BCE), expanded by Eumenes II (197–159 BCE)
• Area: Approximately 5,000 m² (including inner courtyards and adjacent structures)
This palace served as the main residence of the Attalid dynasty. Located in the northern part of the acropolis, it consisted of several interconnected buildings. The central feature was a large peristyle courtyard surrounded by a colonnade. Around it were the throne hall, living quarters, bath complexes, and guest reception rooms.
The palace walls were adorned with marble panels and frescoes, while the floors were decorated with mosaics. Inside, statues of gods and Pergamon’s rulers were displayed. The palace also had advanced water supply and heating systems.
Current state: Only fragments of the foundations and lower sections of the walls remain. Archaeologists have uncovered remnants of mosaics and architectural details, now housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
2. The Palace of Eumenes II (197–159 BCE)
• Construction period: Around 180–160 BCE
• Builder: Eumenes II
• Area: Approximately 3,000 m²
This palace was likely built as an additional residence for Eumenes II, possibly for hosting distinguished guests or as private quarters. The structure was distinguished by its refined decoration, featuring colored marble, gilded elements, and intricate stone carvings.
The Palace of Eumenes II included:
• Andron (banquet hall) – A space for feasts and official events.
• Gynaeceum (women’s quarters) – A separate section with its own courtyard.
• Library – Possibly smaller than the famous Library of Pergamon but still containing valuable scrolls.
Current state: Only the base of the walls and a few columns remain. Some decorative elements were taken to Europe in the 19th century.
3. The Palace of Attalus III (138–133 BCE)
• Construction period: Around 140–133 BCE
• Builder: Attalus III
• Area: Approximately 2,500 m²
Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was known for his reclusive lifestyle and interest in botany and medicine. His palace was likely used more as a private villa than an official residence.
Features of the palace:
• Gardens and terraces – Attalus III cultivated medicinal plants, possibly in dedicated plots.
• Laboratory – Some sources suggest the king conducted chemical experiments here.
• Small theater – For private performances.
• Current state: Almost completely destroyed, with only traces of the foundations remaining.
After Attalus III bequeathed Pergamon to Rome (133 BCE), the city gradually lost political significance. The palaces were used by Roman governors but eventually fell into decline. During the Byzantine period, some structures were repurposed or dismantled for building materials.
Archaeological research:
• German archaeologists excavated the palace foundations in the 19th–20th centuries.
• Some artifacts (sculptures, mosaics) were transported to Berlin.
• Today, the ruins can be seen at the Pergamon Acropolis (modern Bergama, Turkey).
The palaces of the Pergamon Acropolis symbolized the might of the Attalid dynasty, but time and wars left them in ruins. Nevertheless, even these remnants allow us to glimpse the former grandeur of one of the most influential capitals of the Hellenistic world.
