Polotsk is one of the oldest cities in Belarus, located on the picturesque banks of the Western Dvina River in the north of the country. It is considered the cradle of Belarusian statehood and culture. Here stands the St. Sophia Cathedral, the oldest stone church in Belarus.
Polotsk was founded in 862, making it one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe. It is mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years," where it is described as an important center of the Krivichi tribe. By the 10th century, Polotsk had become the capital of the Principality of Polotsk, which played a key role in the political and cultural life of the region.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Principality of Polotsk reached its peak under Prince Vseslav Bryacheslavich, who ruled for over 50 years. During this period, the city became a major trade and craft center, as well as an important spiritual stronghold. One of the first stone churches on the territory of Kievan Rus was built here. It was one of the three ancient St. Sophia Cathedrals in Rus, with the other two located in Kyiv and Veliky Novgorod.
In the 14th century, Polotsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city was repeatedly attacked and destroyed but always rebuilt, preserving its unique culture and architecture. In 1792, Polotsk became part of the Russian Empire.
Main Attractions of Polotsk:
1. St. Sophia Cathedral - one of the most famous landmarks of Polotsk and a symbol of the city. Built in the 11th century, it was one of the first stone churches on the territory of Kievan Rus. Originally constructed in the Byzantine style, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style after its destruction in 1710. Today, the cathedral houses a museum and a concert hall.
2. St.Evfrosinievsky Monastery - this active Orthodox monastery was founded in the 12th century by Saint Euphrosyne of Polotsk, one of the most revered saints in Belarus. On the monastery grounds stands the Church of the Transfiguration, adorned with unique 12th-century frescoes. The relics of Saint Euphrosyne are also kept here, attracting pilgrims from around the world.
3. Borisov Stone - a massive boulder with a carved cross and an inscription dating back to the 12th century. The stone is associated with Prince Boris Vseslavich of Polotsk and is a monument to early Christianity. Today, it is located near the St. Sophia Cathedral and is considered one of the symbols of Polotsk.
4. Museum of Belarusian Book Printing - Polotsk is the birthplace of Francysk Skaryna, a pioneer printer and enlightener who published the first printed book in the Old Belarusian language in the 16th century. The museum showcases the history of books, featuring ancient printing presses and unique editions.
5. Red Bridge - this bridge over the Polota River became a symbol of courage and heroism. It earned its name after the bloody battles during the war of 1812, when the river turned red from the blood of soldiers. Today, it is a historical monument and a popular spot for walks.
6. Museum-Library of Simeon Polotsky - Simeon Polotsky was an outstanding enlightener, poet, and theologian of the 17th century. The museum dedicated to his life and work displays rare books, manuscripts, and highlights his contributions to Belarusian culture.
7. Monument "Polotsk – the Geographical Center of Europe" - Polotsk claims to be the geographical center of Europe. A monument symbolizing this idea has been erected in the city, and every tourist can take a photo next to it.
8. Lutheran Church - built in the 19th century, the church is an architectural monument and a reminder of Polotsk`s multicultural history. Today, it houses a local History Museum.
Polotsk hosts numerous festivals, such as the "Slavianski Bazaar" and "Rubon," which introduce visitors to Belarusian culture, music, and crafts. The city also offers traditional Belarusian cuisine, including draniki (potato pancakes), kolduny (stuffed dumplings), and sauerkraut.
