Pura Agung Besakih, located on the slopes of the sacred Mount Agung, is the most important, largest, and most revered temple in Bali. Often referred to as the "Mother of All Temples," it plays a central role in the religious and cultural life of the island. Besakih is not just a single temple but a complex of 23 separate shrines united into one ensemble.
This is a place where the Balinese worship gods, ancestral spirits, and the forces of nature, while tourists can immerse themselves in the island`s ancient spiritual traditions. The history of Pura Agung Besakih spans over a thousand years. It is believed that the temple was founded in the 8th century, although the exact date of its creation is unknown. Legends say that the temple was built by the will of the gods, who descended from the heavens and designated the site for its construction. Mount Agung, on whose slopes the temple is located, is considered sacred and symbolizes the spiritual connection between heaven and earth.
Besakih Temple has endured numerous trials, including eruptions of Mount Agung, earthquakes, and invasions by colonial forces. Despite this, it has retained its spiritual significance and continues to be the center of religious life in Bali. In 1963, during the eruption of Mount Agung, lava stopped just a few meters from the temple, which the locals interpreted as a sign of divine protection.
Temple Architecture
The architecture of Pura Agung Besakih reflects the traditional principles of Balinese temple construction, based on the concept of "Tri Hita Karana" — the three divine manifestations: Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver), and Shiva (the destroyer). The temple complex is divided into three main zones, each symbolizing one of the levels of the universe:
1. Nista Mandala (outer zone): This area is open to all visitors and symbolizes the world of humans. It houses the entrance gates, a market, and spaces for preparing for rituals.
2. Madya Mandala (middle zone): This zone is intended for prayers and offerings. It contains pavilions for ceremonies and auxiliary temples.
3. Utama Mandala (inner zone): This is the most sacred part of the complex, accessible only to worshippers. Here lie the main shrines dedicated to the gods and ancestral spirits.
Each shrine is adorned with intricately carved stone statues, traditional ornaments, and multi-tiered meru towers, which symbolize Mount Meru — the center of the universe in Hindu mythology.
Spiritual Significance for the Balinese
For the Balinese, Pura Agung Besakih is not just a temple but a place where heaven, earth, and the underworld converge. It is considered the spiritual center of the island, where gods and ancestral spirits communicate with humans. The temple plays a key role in important religious ceremonies, such as Galungan, Kuningan, and Eka Dasa Rudra — a grand purification ritual held once every hundred years.
Every Balinese temple, including Besakih, is a place of worship not only for the gods but also for the spirits of nature. The Balinese believe that the temple protects the island from disasters and maintains harmony between people and the surrounding world.
Tips for Visiting
1. Dress Code: Besakih Temple is a sacred site, so visitors must dress modestly. Be sure to wear a sarong and sash, which can be rented on-site.
2. Respect Traditions: Do not enter sacred zones reserved only for worshippers. Follow the instructions of guides and locals.
3. Photography: Photography is allowed, but avoid taking pictures during religious ceremonies to preserve the atmosphere.
4. Donations: It is customary to leave a small donation upon entering the temple. This is part of the local tradition.
Pura Agung Besakih is located in eastern Bali, approximately a 2-hour drive from Denpasar. You can reach it by rented transport (scooter or car) or with a guided tour. The route passes through picturesque rice terraces and traditional villages, making the journey even more fascinating.
