Upper Agora of Ephesus

The Upper Agora (or State Agora) in Ephesus was constructed during the Hellenistic period (3rd–2nd century BCE) but acquired its final architectural form during Roman rule, particularly under Emperor Augustus (1st century BCE – 1st century CE). Unlike the Lower Agora, which served as a commercial center, the Upper Agora fulfilled administrative, political, and religious functions.