The Upper Agora (or State Agora) in Ephesus was constructed during the Hellenistic period (3rd–2nd century BCE) but acquired its final architectural form during Roman rule, particularly under Emperor Augustus (1st century BCE – 1st century CE). Unlike the Lower Agora, which served as a commercial center, the Upper Agora fulfilled administrative, political, and religious functions.
Located northwest of the Library of Celsus, it was surrounded by the most important government buildings, including the Prytaneion (the residence of city officials) and the Temple of Emperor Augustus. Here, key political decisions were made, official ceremonies were held, and high-ranking guests were honored.
Architecture and Layout of the Upper Agora in Ephesus
The Agora had a rectangular shape (approximately 160 × 70 meters) and was enclosed by colonnades (stoas) with Corinthian columns, beneath which administrative offices were located.
• Prytaneion – The heart of Ephesus’ political life. Here, the prytaneis (chief magistrates) convened, the sacred flame of Hestia burned, and official receptions took place.
• Temple of Augustus (Imperial Cult) – Dedicated to Roman emperors, it symbolized Ephesus’ loyalty to Rome.
• Basilica (Stoa) – A covered gallery for judicial and business assemblies.
• Water Clock (Clepsydra) – Used to regulate public speeches.
• Altars and Statues – Honoring gods (Zeus, Athena) and distinguished citizens.
• The square’s floor was paved with marble slabs, and its entrances were adorned with monumental gates.
The Upper Agora bustled with the city’s official affairs:
• Politics – Meetings of the city council (Boule), diplomatic receptions, and issuance of decrees.
• Religion – Sacrifices in temples, imperial cult ceremonies, and festivals honoring the gods.
• Justice – Court hearings in the basilica.
• Public Assemblies – Orators’ speeches and announcements of important news.
• Ceremonial Events – Award ceremonies and receptions for Roman governors.
The Upper Agora was primarily frequented by officials, priests, and members of the elite. The Prytaneion housed gold and silver statues of Artemis, and the sacred flame of Hestia was tended by eternal virgins—vestal priestesses—emphasizing the site’s sacred significance.
The Upper Agora stood as a symbol of power and order in Ephesus. Its majestic architecture and strict organization reflected the city’s status as one of the most important centers in Asia Minor. Today, its ruins allow us to imagine how the fates of thousands were decided here, while official ceremonies reinforced the might of Rome and the gods.
